Materials and methods for treatment and diagnosis of disorders associated with oxidative stress

ABSTRACT

The subject invention pertains to materials and methods for the prevention and treatment of disease conditions associated with oxidative stress or a compromised reducing environment, including inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis. Another aspect of the subject invention concerns compositions formulated for administration as an enema. In one embodiment, a composition suitable for administration as an enema comprises an effective amount of 5-ASA and a steroid such as budesonide or hydrocortisone. The subject invention also concerns compositions formulated for oral administration. In one embodiment, a composition comprises alpha-lipoic acid, and/or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (N-A-C), and/or L-glutamine. The alpha-lipoic acid can be racemic alpha-lipoic acid, R-lipoic acid, or R-dihydro-lipoic acid. Methods of the invention include administration of compounds or compositions of the invention. In one embodiment, compounds or compositions of the invention are rectally instilled in a patient. In another embodiment, compounds or compositions are orally administered. The subject invention also concerns methods for screening for, assessing risk of developing, and/or diagnosing conditions associated with oxidative stress, such as ulcerative colitis and other inflammatory bowel disorders.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/580,212, filed Dec. 22, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/298,106, filed Nov. 16, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No.8,916,546, which claimed the benefit of priority from U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 61/414,047, filed Nov. 16, 2010. The U.S.application Ser. No. 13/298,106 is also a continuation in part of U.S.application Ser. No. 12/664,237, filed Dec. 11, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No.8,476,233, which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. ProvisionalApplication Ser. Nos. 60/934,505, filed Jun. 13, 2007, and 61/063,745,filed Feb. 6, 2008, and is a continuation-in-part of U.S. applicationSer. No. 11/540,864, filed Sep. 28, 2006, now abandoned, which is acontinuation-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/107,179, filed Apr.15, 2005, now abandoned, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.application Ser. No. 10/927,742, filed Aug. 27, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No.7,312,243, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 60/499,152, filed Aug. 29, 2003. The contents of each of theforegoing are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease characterizedby recurrent bouts of rectal bleeding and bloody diarrhea. The initialinflammatory reaction begins in the rectal mucosa in over 95% of casesand may extend in a contiguous fashion to involve the whole colon(Hendrickson, 2002).

Histologically, ulcerative colitis is manifest by mainly neutrophilinfiltration into the colonic mucosal crypts of Lieberkuhn leading to aneutrophilic cryptitis and the formation of micro crypt abscesses, whichcoalesce to form bleeding macroscopic mucosal ulcerations. Neutrophilicsecretion of tissue destructive cytokines and oxygen radicals leads to achronic crypt destructive colitis that can involve the entire colon(Carpenter, 2000).

On a populational level, ethnic variation of glutathione peroxidase hasbeen recorded with individuals of Jewish or Mediterranean originexhibiting lower activities (The Metabolic and Molecular Basis ofInherited Disease, 2001, 8th ed., p. 4650). A two to four fold increasein incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis has also been reportedfor these ethnic groups (Roth et al., 1989).

There remains a need in the art for therapeutic modalities to treatinflammatory bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis. The presentinvention addresses this need.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Methods of treating ulcerative colitis in mammals in accordance with thepresent invention include orally administering alpha-lipoic daily; andrectally administering an enema including aminosalicylic acid; asteroid; a mast cell stabilizer; and a short chain fatty acid; to amammal in need thereof. In some aspects of the invention, the enema isadministered daily and the contents are retained for at least about 4hours. In other aspects of the invention, the enema is administereddaily for about six weeks and then about twice weekly thereafter.

Another aspect of the invention includes methods of decreasing anulcerative colitis Mayo Score in a mammal in need of such treatment by;determining the ulcerative colitis Mayo Score of a mammal in need oftreatment; administering to the mammal: orally alpha-lipoic acid daily;and rectally an enema including aminosalicylic acid; a steroid; a mastcell stabilizer; and a short chain fatty acid; wherein the enema isadministered daily and the contents of which are retained for at leastabout 4 hours; and repeating the daily administering step until adecrease in the ulcerative colitis Mayo Score of ≧3 is observed.

The subject invention also concerns kits and containers comprising atherapeutic composition or compounds of the present invention. Thecontainers can be selected for ease of administration of a therapeuticcomposition to a person or animal.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skillin the art to which this invention belongs. In the event that there is aplurality of definitions for a term herein, those in this will prevailunless stated otherwise.

As described herein, all the amounts disclosed herein are based on theweight of an average adult male, about 75 kg, and can be adjusted asneeded using mg/kg.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-1E show sigmoidoscopy results: distal sigmoid (FIG. 1A); distalsigmoid (FIG. 1B); mid-sigmoid (FIG. 1C); distal sigmoid (FIG. 1D); andrectum (FIG. 1E) corresponding to Example 3.

FIGS. 2A-2C show sigmoidoscopy results: distal sigmoid (FIG. 2A); rectum(FIG. 2B), and rectum (FIG. 2C) corresponding to Example 3.

DETAILED DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION

The subject invention concerns materials and methods for the preventionand treatment of disease conditions associated with oxidative stress ora compromised reducing environment.

One aspect of the invention concerns methods and compositions fortreatment of inflammatory bowel disorders, such as Crohn's disease andulcerative colitis, and irritable bowel disorder. The subject inventionconcerns methods for preventing and/or treating diseases that are causedor exacerbated by oxidative stress or that are caused by or exacerbatedby a compromised intracellular or extracellular reducing environment.One embodiment of the subject invention concerns methods of preventingand/or treating a person or animal having an inflammatory boweldisorder, such as, for example, ulcerative colitis.

It has been discovered that the production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)and its overproduction and escape from cells of the gastrointestinaltract is a causal component of inflammatory bowel disorders such asulcerative colitis. The cells of the body are constantly producingoxygen radicals, including hydrogen peroxide, as a by-product ofmetabolism. These radicals must be neutralized within the cells beforethey can damage intracellular structures and lead to cell death. Theconstant generation of oxygen radicals and hydrogen peroxide is anoxidative stress that is neutralized by the reducing capacity of thecell. The most important reducing substance within cell is glutathione.Thus, the reducing environment that cells require in order to functionis maintained by a delicate balance between the reduction capacity ofthe cell (mainly glutathione) and oxygen radicals (mainly hydrogenperoxide). Under normal conditions the intracellular hydrogen peroxideconcentration is maintained very low by the constant production ofglutathione which neutralizes (reduces) H₂O₂. When this balance isdisturbed either by increased H₂O₂ generation, decreased glutathioneproduction or both, then hydrogen peroxide will accumulate within cellsand diffuse through the cellular membrane to the extracellular space.When this occurs in the rectal tissues, the colonic barrier to luminalbacterial products is disrupted allowing tissue penetration of antigenicmaterial into the normally sterile colonic lamina propria. Thesubsequent infiltration of activated neutrophils results in secretion ofenormous amounts of tissue destructive cytokines and additional oxygenradicals including hydrogen peroxide. Thus, a vicious cycle is set upwhereby cryptal neutrophils, upon exposure to fecal material, arestimulated to produce destructive cytokines and oxygen radicals in anattempt to rid the local environment of bacteria, which further damagesthe colonic tissue barrier thereby allowing additional bacterialinfiltration with amplification of the immune response and so on untilthe entire colon is involved. The production of hydrogen peroxide byinfiltrating neutrophils is able to diffuse into adjacent normal colonictissue, overwhelming its reducing capacity and causing oxidative damageto adjacent colonic barrier function and epithelial cells. This resultsin a contiguous spread of inflammation from the point of origin in therectum to the rest of the colon. Hydrogen peroxide that has diffused orescaped from a cell can be converted to a hydroxyl radical which cansubsequently disrupt cellular structures such as the basement membraneand tight junctions. This initiates the immune response which results inthe pathology associated with ulcerative colitis.

Ulcerative colitis can be divided into two phases. The first phase iscalled induction and begins with the extracellular diffusion of hydrogenperoxide to the extracellular environment. Throughout this phase theepithelial lining appears macroscopically intact and histologicallynormal. The damage is confined to molecular disruption of colonicepithelial tight junctions and basement membranes resulting intransitory increased colonic permeability to intestinal antigens. Thereis no rectal bleeding during this phase and this process may go on formonths to years resulting in sporadic extra intestinal manifestationssuch as myalgias, arthralgias and faciitis due to intermittent immuneactivation subsequent to transitory colonic sub-mucosal antigenicpenetration. Due to the high colonic epithelial turnover rate of aboutthree days it is possible to repair the damage and restore the colonicbarrier if the initial damage is not overwhelming. However, if theepithelial barrier cannot be reassembled and antigenic invasion issustained, then further immune activation in the form of neutrophilicinfiltration will occur.

The second phase of ulcerative colitis begins with neutrophilic invasioninto the colonic tissues and is called the propagation phase. It isduring this phase that neutrophil derived cytokines and oxygen radicalsinitiate tissue damage leading to mucosal ulceration and rectal bleedingand diarrhea characteristic of this disease.

The importance of two distinct phases of ulcerative colitis lies in theability to modify the inflammatory process during the induction phasevia manipulation of risk factors which can be positive(pro-inflammatory, increasing H₂O₂ production) or negative(anti-inflammatory, decreasing H₂O₂ production). The propagation phase,as the name implies, is self-sustaining and auto-stimulating, and is notaffected by risk factors. It is during the propagation phase thatindividuals manifest rectal bleeding due to colonic tissue destructionand without external intervention to reverse the process may developextensive colonic inflammation leading to colectomy. Colectomy willeliminate the source of induction and propagation along with thatsegment of intestine having a damaged and permeable barrier. This willabolish the portal of systemic antigenic entry and terminate theinflammatory process. However, colonic inflammation can be terminatedanytime during induction if risk factors promoting H₂O₂ production arerecognized and eliminated. Propagation can also be terminated byappropriate intervention to treat a patient with methods andcompositions of the present invention.

Any materials that can be used to neutralize hydrogen peroxide or itsdecomposition products (hydroxyl radical or hydroxide anion) arecontemplated within the scope of the invention. These include, but arenot limited to, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, enzymes such asglutathione peroxidase and catalase, catalysts (such as zinc dust orother metal powders or metal catalysts), manganese in a bicarbonatebuffer, and asbestos fibers or other fibers able to decompose hydrogenperoxide. Glutathione, or its precursor amino acids (glycine, cysteineand glutamate) can also be used in the compositions and methods of theinvention. Monoester or diester glutathione derivatives can be used withthe subject invention as glutathione with ester groups attached is takenup into cells more readily than glutathione.

In one embodiment, a therapeutic composition of the present inventioncomprises at least one reducing agent. The reducing agent can be onethat acts primarily extracellularly, primarily intracellularly, or bothextracellularly and intracellularly. In one embodiment, a therapeuticcomposition of the invention comprises at least one extracellularreducing agent and at least one intracellular reducing agent.

In an exemplified embodiment, the reducing agent is a thiosulfate ion,which can be provided in the form of a salt such as, for example, sodiumthiosulfate, ammonium thiosulfate, calcium thiosulfate, potassiumthiosulfate, silver thiosulfate, choline thiosulfate, gold sodiumthiosulfate, magnesium thiosulfate hex hydrate, and thiosulfatehyposulfite. Examples of other reducing agents contemplated within thescope of the invention include, but are not limited to, metalborohydrides, sodium hydrosulfite, dimethylthiourea, sodium bisulfate,thiourea dioxide, diethylhydroxylamine, zinc dust, sodiumcyanoborohydride, sodium hydride, trimethyl borate, benzyltriphenphosphonium chloride, butyl triphenphosphonium bromide, ethyltriphenphosphonium acid acetate, ethyl triphenphosphonium bromide, ethyltriphenphosphonium iodide, ethyl triphenphosphonium phosphate, andtetrabutyl phosphonium acid acetate. Another reducing agent that can beused is glutathione, or a monoester or diester glutathione, diesterglutathione or multiester glutathione derivative.

In an exemplified embodiment, an intracellular reducing agent of theinvention is alpha lipoic acid (ALA), dihydro lipoic acid, or pyruvate.Both of these are capable of entering a cell and reacting with H₂O₂. ALAis a small molecule (MW 206.3, CAS #1077-28-7). It is known by a varietyof names which vary depending upon its redox state (oxidized or reduced)and the enantiomeric configuration around the number three carbon chiralcenter (*). The older relative (comparison) based D and L nomenclaturehas been replaced by the designation R and S indicating absolutestereochemical configuration.

ALA is an eight carbon cyclic disulfide containing fatty acid which issynthesized in trace amounts within mitochondria in all cells of thebody. Only the R-isomer is synthesized naturally. In its natural stateALA is covalently bonded, via its terminal carboxyl in an amide linkage,to the epsilon amino group of lysine residues which form part ofmulti-subunit enzyme complexes that catalyze vital energy metabolismreactions within mitochondria. There is very little free ALA in thecytoplasm or circulation.

The bonding of ALA to its cognate protein is accomplished as apost-translational modification of the enzyme. In its protein boundstate it is a required enzymatic co-factor called lipoamide. The enzymecomplexes which use ALA are the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex whichcatalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, a vital substratefor energy production via the Krebs (citric acid) cycle. Thealpha-ketoglutarate complex which catalyzes another important Krebscycle reaction, the branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complexwhich catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of three branched chainamino acids (valine, leucine and isoleucine) generating acetyl-CoA forentry into the Krebs cycle and finally the glycine cleavage systemcomplex that catalyzes the formation of 5,10 methylene tetrahydrofolatewhich plays a vital role in the synthesis of nucleic acids.

The natural function of ALA is to bind and transfer acyl groups tosuccessive enzymatic active sites among the subunits of each enzymecomplex. In this process of acyl transfer ALA is reduced todihydrolipoic acid and subsequently re-oxidized back to ALA by itsattached cognate enzyme which readies it for the next acyl transfer. ALAhas a high degree of bioavailability after oral administration andexhibits both lipid and water solubility. This allows its distributionto both intra and extra cellular compartments.

A therapeutic composition of the present invention can optionallyinclude one or more of the following:

1) a compound or composition that is antibacterial or that prevents orinhibits adherence of bacteria to gastrointestinal tissues or cells. Inone embodiment, the compound can be a bismuth salt. In an exemplifiedembodiment, the compound can be bismuth subgallate. Antibiotics activeagainst bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract can be included.In a preferred embodiment, the compound is active against Bacteroides.

2) a compound or composition that adds viscosity (for steric hindrance)and/or that inhibits epithelial lipid peroxidation, such as, forexample, d-alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E), carboxymethylcellulose or otherviscous mono or polysaccharide compounds (e.g., honey).

3) a compound or composition that inhibits mast cells and/or that helpsto seal or repair tight junctions between cells in the gastrointestinaltract. In one embodiment, the compound can be sodium cromolyn.

4) a compound or composition that scavenges hydroxyl radicals. In oneembodiment, the compound can be dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), mannitol,methional, deoxyribose or DMPO (5,5-dimethylpyrollidine-N-oxide).

5) a compound or composition that inhibits or blocks NADPH oxidase, suchas DMSO or apocynin.

6) a compound or composition that kills or inhibits colonicallylocalized neutrophils, or that prevents or inhibits neutrophils fromentering the colon or exiting the colonic vasculature. In oneembodiment, antibodies or other blocking agents of vascular adhesionmolecules (ICAMS) present on vascular endothelium, such as selectin, orantibodies or other blocking agents of the corresponding neutrophiliccounter ligand, such as integrin, can be used.

7) a compound or composition that stops or inhibits neutrophils fromproducing hydrogen peroxide. Examples include DMSO and Trental.

8) a compound or composition that chelates or sequesters iron moleculesthat are necessary for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to a hydroxylradical. In one embodiment, the iron chelating agent Desferal(Deferoxamine) can be used.

9) the compound 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) or colazal (balsalazidedisodium) can be included.

10) a compound that neutralizes or scavenges hydroxide ions. In oneembodiment, a composition of the invention can comprise a weak acid orweak base, such as in the form of a buffered solution at a pH of fromabout 6.8 to about 7.4 comprising sodium bicarbonate.

11) any agent or therapy that will inhibit the electron transport chainor any of its components (e.g., an agent or therapy that suppressescytochrome oxidase enzyme).

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises a reducingagent and an NADPH-oxidase inhibitor. Preferably, the reducing agent isa thiosulfate salt, such as sodium thiosulfate, and the NADPH-oxidaseinhibitor is apocynin. In a preferred embodiment, the composition isprovided in an orally administered capsule that delays dissolving untilit is present in the colon.

The compounds of the invention can be administered as a singlecomposition, or they can be administered individually at the same ordifferent times and via the same or different route (e.g., oral, rectal,etc.) of administration. In one embodiment, a composition of theinvention is provided in a mixture or solution suitable for rectalinstillation and comprises sodium thiosulfate, bismuth subgallate,vitamin E, and sodium cromolyn. In one embodiment, a therapeuticcomposition of the invention comprises, in a suppository form, butyrate,and glutathione monoester, glutathione diethylester or other glutathioneester derivatives. The suppository can optionally include sodiumthiosulfate and/or vitamin-E.

The subject invention also concerns methods for preventing and/ortreating radiation induced proctitis that can result from radiationtreatment of prostate cancer and other disease conditions. Other diseaseconditions that can be prevented and/or treated using methods andcompositions of the present invention include, but are not limited to,Parkinson's disease, cataracts, cerebral palsy, and gastrointestinalcancers, such as stomach and colon cancers. Compositions of the presentinvention can also be used to treat or prevent pouchitis after acolectomy. Pouchitis is an inflammation of the “J” pouch that issurgically constructed from the last foot of small intestine after thecolon is taken out. The last six inches of small intestine is bent upand sewn back onto the small intestine. The hole is made at the bend ofthe “J” and that is connected to the anus. The purpose is to have areservoir for stool to avoid the external bag.

The small intestine is more permeable to luminal contents and havingstool stored in it in that fashion can lead to inflammation due to theincreased bacterial load and increased oxidative stress. Compositionsformulated for administration as an enema or oral administration can beused to treat or prevent pouchitis.

The subject invention also concerns methods for treating hemorrhoids. Inone embodiment, a liquid enema formulation of the invention is applieddirectly to the hemorrhoid. In a specific embodiment, a liquid enemaformulation of the invention is placed on a suitable material such asgauze or an absorbent pad and the enema containing material is contactedwith the hemorrhoid, typically for about 2 to 4 hours. This applicationis typically performed once or twice daily.

In one embodiment of the subject methods, a person or animal in need oftreatment is administered an effective amount of a therapeuticcomposition of the present invention in a biologically compatible formor composition. For preventative therapy, an effective amount of atherapeutic composition of the invention is administered to a person oranimal prior to onset of the condition to be treated. For example, aneffective amount of a therapeutic composition of the invention isadministered prior to radiation treatment of prostate cancer in order toprevent radiation induced proctitis. In an exemplified embodiment, thereducing agent of the composition is ALA and/or dihydro lipoic acidand/or pyruvate and/or 5-ASA and/or a thiosulfate salt such as, forexample, sodium thiosulfate. In one embodiment, the therapeuticcomposition is administered rectally or by delayed dissolving oralcapsule. Delayed dissolution dosage forms include pH-dependent capsulesand coatings that only dissolve at the pH associated with the colonicenvironment. Examples of pH-dependent materials include, but are notlimited to, methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid and/or ethyl acrylatepolymers, including for example, ammonio methacrylate copolymer. Otherdosage forms for delivery of a composition of the invention to the coloninclude, for example, time-dependent delivery systems,pressure-dependent delivery systems, bacterial-dependent systems (Basitet al., 2003). Also contemplated are dosage forms that utilize oxidationpotential-dependent systems. Colon content has a much higher oxidativepotential than the small intestinal contents since many times morebacteria are present in the colon. An oxidation potential-dependentsystem is a delivery system that is sensitive to oxidation potential andreleases its contents or becomes active when the capsule is exposed tothe higher oxidation level in the colon. This can be in the form of aprodrug which is degraded to the active drug when oxidized and capsuleswhich dissolve when exposed to the high level of oxidation in the colon.In one embodiment, a combination of rectally and orally administeredcompositions are given to a patient, particularly if the patient hasrectal bleeding. After bleeding is controlled, rectal therapy canoptionally be discontinued and oral therapy maintained as necessary.Thiosulfates, such as sodium thiosulfate can optionally be administeredin a solution intravenously, e.g., solutions of from about 10% to about25% (w/v) sodium thiosulfate can be given. Methods of the presentinvention also contemplate institution of lifestyle changes of thepatient, as described herein, either alone or in conjunction with theuse of therapeutic compositions of the invention.

Dosage ranges for the various compounds to be administered to anindividual patient can be determined by an ordinarily skilled clinician.Examples of dosage ranges provided herein are for guidance and shouldnot be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in regard todosages that can be administered. Dosage ranges can be, for example:

sodium thiosulfate: 150-250 mg/kg body weight

alpha lipoic acid 10-20 mg/kg body weight

dihydro lipoic acid 10-20 mg/kg body weight

pyruvate 50-100 mg/kg body weight

bismuth subgallate: 2-4 mg/kg body weight

vitamin E: 25-30 IU/kg body weight

cromolyn sodium: 1-3 mg/kg body weight

In one embodiment, the components sodium thiosulfate, bismuthsubgallate, vitamin E, and cromolyn sodium can be prepared in aretention enema in sterile water according to the following:

Step 1: Dissolve sodium thiosulfate in water by gently shaking until allcrystals are dissolved.

Step 2: Add cromolyn sodium until completely dissolved.

Step 3: Add bismuth subgallate and gently shake until completelysuspended.

Step 4: Add vitamin E and shake until suspended.

The methods of the present invention also include oral administration ofa drug that lowers endogenous catecholamines, such as clonidine, wheresuch treatment is indicated by the symptoms and risk factors presentedby the patient. Monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors that inhibit orprevent mitochondrial MAO from metabolizing endogenous catecholaminescan also be administered as part of a patient treatment regimen and iscontemplated within the scope of the present invention. Preferably, theMAO inhibitor is one that does not pass through the blood-brain barrier.In one embodiment of the invention, a combination of clonidine (or asimilar drug) and an MAO inhibitor is administered to a patient.

Also contemplated within the scope of the invention is theadministration of NADPH-oxidase inhibitors, such as Trental(pentoxifylline) and apocynin; these can be administered as a delayeddissolving oral capsule that dissolves in the colon, or as a rectalsolution. Pentoxifylline has anti-inflammatory activity and may functionas a purinergic agonist via an adenosine receptor on the surface of theinfiltrating neutrophil which can inhibit NADPH oxidase and apoptosis.This oral therapy can be continued, along with lifestyle changes, asmaintenance therapy to prevent re-induction and relapse.

In one embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises a reducingagent and an NADPH-oxidase inhibitor. In one embodiment, the reducingagent is a thiosulfate salt, such as sodium thiosulfate, and/or 5-ASAand/or ALA and/or dihydro lipoic acid and/or pyruvate, and theNADPH-oxidase inhibitor is apocynin. In one embodiment, the compositionis provided in an orally administered form, such as a capsule, thatdissolves in a subject's stomach and/or small intestine. In anotherembodiment, the composition is provided in an orally administeredcapsule that delays dissolving until it is present in the colon. Delayeddissolution dosage forms include pH-dependent capsules and coatings thatonly dissolve at the pH associated with the colonic environment.Examples of pH-dependent materials include, but are not limited to,methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid and/or ethyl acrylate polymers,including for example, ammonio methacrylate copolymer. Other dosageforms for delivery of a composition of the invention to the coloninclude, for example, time-dependent delivery systems,pressure-dependent delivery systems, bacterial-dependent systems (Basitet al., 2003). Also contemplated are dosage forms that utilize oxidationpotential-dependent systems.

Another aspect of the subject invention concerns compositions formulatedfor administration as an enema. An enema formulation of the inventioncomprises a reducing agent (or any other agent having a similar mode ofaction) and a steroid. In one embodiment, an enema formulation of theinvention comprises an aminosalicylic acid, such as 5-ASA(5-aminosalicylic acid; also known as mesalamine), or 4-ASA(4-aminosalicylic acid), or any analog or derivative of a salicylicacid, and a steroid compound. In another embodiment, the compositioncomprises sulfasalazine (Azulfidine) as the reducing agent. Steroidcompounds contemplated within the scope of the invention includecorticosteroids. In an exemplified embodiment, the steroid comprisesbudesonide, or an analog or derivative thereof. In a specificembodiment, a composition suitable for administration as an enemacomprises an effective amount of 5-ASA and budesonide. In anotherspecific embodiment, a composition of the invention comprises 5-ASA anda hydrocortisone compound, such as CORTENEMA. Other corticosteroids thatcan be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to,prednisone, prednisolone, betamethasone, beclometasone, and tixocortol.The enema formulation can optionally comprise polysorbate-80 (or anyother suitable emulsifying agent), and/or any short chain fatty acid(e.g., a five, four, three, or two carbon fatty acid) as a colonicepithelial energy source, such as sodium butyrate (4 carbons),proprionate (3 carbons), acetate (2 carbons), etc., and/or any mast cellstabilizer, such as cromolyn sodium (GASTROCROM) or Nedocromil sodium(ALOCRIL). In a further embodiment, an enema formulation of theinvention can comprise ALA. In one embodiment, the ALA is provided as aracemic mixture of the R and S isomers of ALA. In another embodiment,the ALA is provided as R-alpha-lipoic acid. In another embodiment, theALA is provided as R-dihydro lipoic acid. In one embodiment, an enemaformulation of the invention comprises an effective amount of 5-ASA,budesonide, sodium butyrate, cromolyn sodium, and optionally analpha-lipoic acid, such as R-dihydro lipoic acid.

As used herein, ulcerative colitis Mayo scores were calculated using thefollowing scale:

Assessment Finding Stool 0 = Normal number of stools Frequency 1 = 1-2more stools per day than normal 2 = 3-4 more stools per day than normal3 = ≧5 more stools per day than normal Rectal 0 = No blood seen Bleeding1 = Streaks of blood with stool less than half the time 2 = Obviousblood with stool most of the time 3 = Blood alone passes Endoscopic 0 =Normal or inactive disease Findings 1 = Mild disease (erythema,decreased vascular pattern, mild friability, erosions) 2 = Moderatedisease (marked erythema, lack of vascular pattern, friability,erosions) 3 = Severe disease (spontaneous bleeding, ulceration)Physician's 0 = Normal Global 1 = Mild disease Assessment 2 = Moderatedisease 3 = Severe disease

The ulcerative colitis Mayo Scoring System ranges from 0 to 12 points.The physician adds the scores from each of the four components of thescoring system for a total score. A higher number of total pointsindicates more severe disease, as specified below:

0-4 points=Mild, normal or inactive disease;

5-8 points=Moderate disease (marked erythema, lack of vascular pattern,friability, erosions);

9-12 points=Severe disease (spontaneous bleeding, ulceration).

Each patient is responsible for determining the degree of abnormality ofhis or her stool frequency. The daily bleeding score represents the mostsevere bleeding of the day. The Physician's Global Assessment is thephysician's assessment of the severity of disease, based onacknowledgement of the three other components used in the ulcerativecolitis Mayo Score (stool frequency, rectal bleeding, and endoscopicfindings), as well as the patient's report of daily abdominal discomfortand sense of well being, and other observations (e.g., physicalfindings, patient's Performance Status).

Histology is scored with the following scale:

Degree Of Score Activity Description/Definition 0 Quiescent Absence ofneutrophilic cryptitis or very rare or Minimal neutrophils in cryptepithelium with a normal complement of mononuclear cells in the laminapropria or borderline plasma cell excess in the lamina propria 1 MildModest plasma cell excess in the lamina propria, usually patchy but canbe diffuse, with multifocal neutrophilic cryptitis; rare crypt abscessformation is acceptable 2 Mild to More diffuse plasma cell excess in thelamina Moderate propria, can be focal but typically diffuse, withmultifocal neutrophilic cryptitis and crypt abscess formation 3 ModerateDense diffuse plasma cell excess in the lamina propria with multifocalcrypt abscess formation 4 Moderate Moderate with foci of surfaceepithelial sloughing/ to Severe mucosal erosion 5 Severe Extensivemucosal ulceration with a plasma cell rich ulcer base; viable mucosashows diffuse crypt abscess formation

For purposes of the present invention, a clinical response to treatmentof ulcerative colitis shall be understood to include a decrease in anulcerative colitis Mayo Score of preferably greater than or equal toabout 3 points. Clinical remission shall be understood to include anulcerative colitis Mayo Score of less than or equal to about 2. As usedherein, histological remission shall be understood to be an ulcerativecolitis Histology Score of about zero. Complete histological remissionshall be understood to include an ulcerative colitis Mayo Score of lessthan or equal to about 2, an ulcerative colitis Mayo Endoscopy SubscaleScore of less than or equal to about 1 and an ulcerative colitisHistology Score of about zero. Preferably, the methods for treatingulcerative colitis with the compositions disclosed herein result in apositive clinical response after about six weeks of treatment. In someaspects, the inventive methods for treating ulcerative colitis result ina positive clinical response after about three weeks of treatment.

Another embodiment includes methods of treating ulcerative colitis in amammal requiring such treatment. Such methods include administering tothe mammal: orally from about 100 mg to about 1000 mg of alpha lipoicacid or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and rectally an enemaincluding from about 500 mg to about 5000 mg of an aminosalicylic acid,from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg of a steroid, from about 10 to about1000 mg of a mast cell stabilizer, and from about 5 millimoles to about50 millimoles (about 5 ml to about 50 ml of a 1 molar solution) of ashort chain fatty acid; and allowing the contents of the enema to beretained for at least about 4 hours.

In one embodiment, the enema is prepared as follows:

Step 1: 5-ASA (ROWASA) is available in an enema bottle containing 4.0grams in a 60 mL aqueous suspension. 20 mL of the 5-ASA solution isremoved and discarded from the Mesalamine Rectal Suspension Enema(5-ASA).

Step 2: Budesonide is prepared by dissolving budesonide in water to aconcentration of 5 mg/ml. 1 ml of the 5 mg/mL budesonide solution isthen added to the remaining 40 mL of the 5-ASA in the enema bottle inStep 1 and mixed.

Step 3: Sodium cromolyn is available in a 5 mL ampule containing 100 mgof cromolyn sodium, USP, in purified water. 5 mL of the sodium cromolynsolution is added to the resulting solution in Step 2 and mixed.

Step 4: Sodium butyrate is prepared as a 1-N solution in water inaccordance with standard preparation guidelines. 15 mL of the sodiumbutyrate solution is added to the resulting solution in Step 3 andmixed.

Preferably, the 4-component enema is dispensed in enema bottles,protected from light, and refrigerated. The enema is stable for storagein these conditions for about 30 days.

In some aspects, the alpha-lipoic acid is selected from racemicalpha-lipoic acid, R-lipoic acid, R-dihydro-lipoic acid andpharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Preferably, the alpha-lipoicacid is R-dihydro-lipoic acid. In other aspects, the aminosalicylic acidis selected from 5-ASA (mesalamine), 4-ASA, and analogs or derivativesthereof. Preferably, the aminosalicylic acid is 5-ASA. Suitable steroidsinclude budesonide, hydrocortisone, prednisone, prednisolone,betamethasone, beclometasone, tixocortol, and analogs or derivativesthereof. Preferably, the steroid is budesonide. The mast cell stabilizeris cromolyn sodium or nedocromil sodium. Preferably, the mast cellstabilizer is cromolyn sodium. In some aspects, the short chain fattyacid is sodium butyrate, proprionate, or acetate. Preferably, the shortchain fatty acid is sodium butyrate.

In one embodiment, the composition includes from about 100 mg to about1000 mg of alpha-lipoic acid or pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof, or from about 150 mg to about 750 mg of alpha-lipoic acid orpharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or from about 250 mg to about600 mg of alpha-lipoic acid or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.Preferably, the amount of alpha-lipoic acid or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof is from about 300 mg to about 600 mg. In aspecific embodiment, about 300 mg of alpha-lipoic acid alpha-lipoic acidor pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered twice daily.

In another embodiment, the composition comprises from about 200 mg toabout 5000 mg, or from about 500 mg to about 3,000 mg of 5-ASA, or fromabout 750 mg to about 1,500 mg of 5-ASA, or from about 1,250 mg to about1,150 mg of 5-ASA. In another embodiment, the composition comprisesabout 2,600 mg of 5-ASA. In one embodiment, 5-ASA is applied at 30-40mg/kg body weight. The composition can also comprise from about 0.5 mgto about 10 mg of budesonide or hydrocortisone or about 8 mg ofhydrocortisone, or from about 1 mg to about 7.5 mg of budesonide orhydrocortisone or about 8 mg of hydrocortisone, or from about 2.5 mg toabout 5 mg of budesonide. In a specific embodiment, the compositioncomprises about 0.5 mg or about 5 mg of budesonide. In one embodiment,budesonide is applied at 0.05-0.15 mg/kg body weight. If the compositioncomprises cromolyn sodium it can be present in an amount from about 10mg to about 1000 mg, or from about 20 mg to about 200 mg, or from about30 mg to about 100 mg. In a specific embodiment, cromolyn sodium isprovided in an amount of about 70 mg. In another embodiment, thecromolyn sodium is provided in an amount of about 100 mg. If thecomposition comprises polysorbate-80, it can be provided at aconcentration from about 1% (v/v) to about 10% (v/v). If the compositioncomprises sodium butyrate it can be present in an amount of from about 5millimoles to about 50 millimoles, i.e. about 5 ml to about 50 ml of a 1molar solution. Preferably, the amount of sodium butyrate is about 15millimoles, i.e. about 15 ml of a 1 molar solution. Alternatively,sodium butyrate can be present in an amount of from about 500 to about1500 mg. In one embodiment, sodium butyrate is applied at 4-6 mM/kg bodyweight. In a specific embodiment, polysorbate-80 is provided in thecomposition at a concentration of about 6% (v/v).

In some aspects, the volume of the enema administered is from about 40ml to about 80 ml. Preferably, the volume of the enema administered isabout 60 ml.

In an exemplified embodiment, a composition suitable for administrationas an enema is formulated as follows: 17 cc of 5-ASA (about 1,150 mg of5-ASA), 1 cc of budesonide (at 5 mg per cc), 2 cc of cromolyn sodium (at20 mg per cc), and polysorbate-80 at 6% (v/v). In another specificembodiment, a composition comprises 10 cc of hydrocortisone (16.6 mgtotal), 30 cc of 5-ASA (2 gm total), and optionally alpha-lipoic acidand/or L-glutamine and/or N-acetyl cysteine and/or 5 cc cromolyn sodium(100 mg), and/or 12.5 cc sodium butyrate (1.1 gm).

In a specific embodiment, an enema formulation of the inventioncomprises 5-ASA, budesonide, cromolyn sodium, and sodium butyrate. Aformulation for oral administration includes R-dihydrolipoic acid. Theenema formulation can comprise, for example, about 0.5 to 5 grams of5-ASA; about 0.5 to 10 mg of budesonide; about 10 to 1000 mg of cromolynsodium; and about 5 to 50 millimoles of sodium butyrate. The formulationfor oral administration can include, for example, at least about 600 mgof R-alpha-lipoic acid or R-dihydrolipoic acid. In a more specificformulation, the enema can be prepared to comprise about 2.7 grams of5-ASA (40 cc of a 60 cc bottle of 5-ASA containing 4 grams of 5-ASA inthe 60 cc); about 5 mg budesonide (in 1 cc); about 100 mg cromolynsodium (in 5 cc); and about 15 millimoles of sodium butyrate (15 cc of a1 molar solution of sodium butyrate in water).

Enema compositions of the invention can be administered to a patient ondosage and schedule as determined by a clinician. In one embodiment, anenema of the invention can be administered daily. Preferably, the enemais retained for at least about 5 hours. More preferably, the enema isretained between about 6 hours to about 12 hours. In some embodimentsthe enema is administered daily at night, preferably at bedtime.Optionally, the enema can be alternated every other day with an enemathat contains the reducing agent, e.g., 5-ASA, and optionally thecromolyn sodium and/or polysorbate-80 but without the steroid. In oneembodiment, a patient is given an enema of the invention daily forapproximately a month. Optionally, in the second month of treatment, theamount of steroid in the enema is reduced over time; for example, thesteroid can be reduced over four weeks of treatment until no steroid isadministered in the enema (e.g., at the start of the third month oftreatment). In some aspects, the enema is administered daily for aboutsix weeks, and twice weekly thereafter. In the third month of treatment,an enema of the invention to be administered daily to a patient maycomprise the reducing agent (e.g., 5-ASA), and a short chain fatty acid(e.g., sodium butyrate) but omitting the steroid. In a fourth month oftreatment, an enema of the invention to be administered daily to thepatient may comprise the reducing agent but omit the short chain fattyacid and the steroid. In a fifth month of treatment, a patient mayreceive the same enema as in the fourth month but every other day or,optionally, on an as needed basis.

The subject invention also concerns compositions formulated for oraladministration. These oral compositions can be administered as aseparate treatment or in conjunction with enema formulations of theinvention. In some aspects, the oral component is administered at leastonce daily. In other aspects the oral component is administered twicedaily. In one embodiment, compositions of the invention are administeredorally during enema treatment, and continue after cessation of enematreatment. In one embodiment, a composition comprises an oral reducingagent such as an alpha-lipoic acid or any oral agent which directly, orindirectly through an intermediary mechanism, acts as an intracellularor extracellular reducing agent and neutralizes or otherwise preventsthe formation of intra or extracellular hydrogen peroxide or oxygenradicals. Other oral reducing agents contemplated within the scope ofthe invention include, but are not limited to, sodium thiosulfate,mercaptopropionylglycine, N-acetylcysteine, glutathione, melatonin, CoQ10, Ebselen, and an aminosalicylic acid such as 5-aminosalicylic acid(5-ASA). 5-ASA is also available as an oral formulation (in addition toan enema formulation) (including, for example, Azulfidine, Asacol,Dipentum, mesalamine, Balsalazide, Olsalazine) and is capable ofneutralizing extracellular peroxide and oxygen radicals. Thealpha-lipoic acid can be racemic alpha-lipoic acid, R-lipoic acid,R-dihydro-lipoic acid, S-lipoic acid, and/or S-dihydro-lipoic acid. Inone embodiment, the alpha-lipoic acid is administered at 5-10 mg/kg. Ina specific embodiment, about 100 mg to 1000 mg or more of alpha-lipoicacid, preferably as the R-dihydro-lipoic acid, is orally administereddaily to a patient. In a more specific embodiment, about 600 mg ofalpha-lipoic acid, preferably as the R-dihydro-lipoic acid, is orallyadministered daily to a patient; optionally, the patient can receiveabout 300 mg of the alpha-lipoic acid, preferably as theR-dihydro-lipoic acid, twice daily.

Another embodiment includes methods of decreasing the ulcerative colitisMayo Score in a mammal in need of such treatment. The methods includeadministering to the mammal: orally from about 100 mg to about 1000 mgof alpha-lipoic acid or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; andrectally an enema including from about 500 mg to about 5000 mg of anaminosalicylic acid, from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg of a steroid, fromabout 10 mg to about 1000 mg of a mast cell stabilizer, and from about 5millimoles to about 50 millimoles (about 5 ml to about 50 ml of a 1molar solution) of a short chain fatty acid; allowing the contents ofthe enema to be retained for at least about 4 hours, and repeating saiddaily administration until a decrease in the ulcerative colitis MayoScore of greater than or equal to about 3 is observed.

Preferably, the methods for treating ulcerative colitis with thecompositions disclosed herein result in a clinical response after aboutsix weeks, or more preferably after about three weeks, of treatment.Preferably, the methods for treating ulcerative colitis with thecompositions disclosed herein result in clinical remission after aboutsix weeks, or more preferably after about three weeks, of treatment.Preferably, the methods for treating ulcerative colitis with thecompositions disclosed herein result in histological remission afterabout six weeks, or more preferably after about three weeks, oftreatment. Preferably, the methods for treating ulcerative colitis withthe compositions disclosed herein result in complete histologicalremission after about six weeks, or more preferably after about threeweeks, of treatment.

In one embodiment, an oral composition of the invention comprisesalpha-lipoic acid, and/or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (N-A-C), and/orL-glutamine. A composition of the present invention can also comprisecompounds that inhibit tissue necrosis factor (TNF). TNF inhibitorycompounds contemplated within the scope of the invention includeresveratrol, stinging nettle leaf extract, and berberine. A compositionof the present invention can also optionally include compounds thatdirectly neutralize H₂O₂ (e.g., calcium pyruvate), compounds that helpprotect the proteins from oxidation and degradation (e.g., L-carnosine),and/or compounds that are protective of nucleic acids (e.g., calciumD-glucarate). The composition can also optionally comprise one or moreof the following: selenium, vitamin B-2 (riboflavin), vitamin B-12,folic acid, and biotin. In a specific embodiment, a composition of theinvention comprises 300 mg of R-dihydro-lipoic acid, 500 mg N-A-C, 500mg L-glutamine, 200 μg selenium, 100 mg vitamin B-2, 500 μg vitaminB-12, 800 μg folic acid, 2,000 μg biotin, 1,500 mg calcium pyruvate, 150mg resveratrol, 275 mg stinging nettle leaf extract, and 200 mg rawstinging nettle leaf powder, berberine in the form of golden seal rootcomplex 150 mg and golden seal powder 300 mg, 1,000 mg L-carnosine, and250 mg calcium D-glucarate.

In one embodiment, the composition is provided in an orally administeredform, such as a capsule, that dissolves in a subject's stomach and/orsmall intestine. In another embodiment, the composition is provided inan orally administered capsule that delays dissolving until it ispresent in the colon. Delayed dissolution dosage forms includepH-dependent capsules and coatings that only dissolve at the pHassociated with the colonic environment. Examples of pH-dependentmaterials include, but are not limited to, methyl methacrylate,methacrylic acid and/or ethyl acrylate polymers, including for example,ammonio methacrylate copolymer. Other dosage forms for delivery of acomposition of the invention to the colon include, for example,time-dependent delivery systems, pressure-dependent delivery systems,bacterial-dependent systems (Basit et al., 2003). Also contemplated aredosage forms that utilize oxidation potential-dependent systems.

The enema compositions and the oral compositions of the invention can beadministered in conjunction with changes in a patient's diet. Dietarychanges contemplated within the scope of the present invention includeincreased consumption of mineral oil, insoluble fiber, soluble fiber,prune juice, and VSL#3. It is preferable that alcohol be avoided in thediet of the patient being treated.

The methods and compositions of the present invention can be used withhumans and other animals. Compositions of the present invention can beadministered to an animal in need of treatment as described herein,i.e., orally, and/or as an enema, etc. The other animals contemplatedwithin the scope of the invention include domesticated, agricultural, orzoo- or circus-maintained animals. Domesticated animals include, forexample, dogs, cats, rabbits, ferrets, guinea pigs, hamsters, pigs,monkeys or other primates, and gerbils. Agricultural animals include,for example, horses, mules, donkeys, burros, cattle, cows, pigs, sheep,and alligators. Zoo- or circus-maintained animals include, for example,lions, tigers, bears, camels, giraffes, hippopotamuses, andrhinoceroses.

As noted above, the oral and enema compositions of the invention can beadministered independently or in conjunction together to a person oranimal in need of treatment. Thus, in one embodiment, a method of theinvention comprises administering an effective amount of only an oralcomposition of the invention, or an effective amount of only an enemacomposition of the invention, or an effective amount of both an oral andan enema composition of the invention to a person or animal in need oftreatment. In one embodiment, an effective amount of an oral compositioncomprising an ALA (such as R-dihydro-lipoic acid) and an effectiveamount of an enema composition comprising an aminosalicylic acid (suchas 5-ASA), and/or any suitable steroid (such as budesonide), and/or anymast cell stabilizer (such as cromolyn sodium), and/or any short chainfatty acid (such as sodium butyrate), and optionally an emulsifyingagent (such as polysorbate-80), are administered to the person oranimal. The oral and enema compositions can be administered daily, orevery other day or every other two days, or every other three days,etc., or weekly, or on any other schedule as determined to beappropriate by the ordinarily skilled artisan. The oral and enemacompositions can be administered on alternate days, e.g., oral on dayone, enema on day two, etc. In one embodiment, the oral composition isadministered every day, and the enema composition is administered everyother day, or every two days, or every three days, or every four days,or every five days, or every six days, or once a week, etc. The oral andenema compositions can also be administered independently one or moretimes (e.g., two times, three times, etc.) per day.

Compounds useful in the subject invention can be formulated according toknown methods for preparing pharmaceutically useful compositions.Formulations are described in detail in a number of sources which arewell known and readily available to those skilled in the art. Forexample, Remington's Pharmaceutical Science by E. W. Martin describesformulations which can be used in connection with the subject invention.In general, the compositions of the subject invention will be formulatedsuch that an effective amount of the compound is combined with asuitable carrier in order to facilitate effective administration of thecomposition. The compositions used in the present methods can also be ina variety of forms. These include, for example, solid, semi-solid, andliquid dosage forms, such as tablets, pills, powders, liquid solutionsor suspension, suppositories, injectable and infusible solutions, andsprays. The preferred form depends on the intended mode ofadministration and therapeutic application. The compositions alsopreferably include conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers anddiluents which are known to those skilled in the art. Examples ofcarriers or diluents for use with compounds include ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide, glycerol, alumina, starch, and equivalent carriers anddiluents. To provide for the administration of such dosages for thedesired therapeutic treatment, new pharmaceutical compositions of theinvention will advantageously comprise between about 0.1% and 45%, andespecially, about 1 and 15% by weight of the total of one or more of thecompounds based on the weight of the total composition including carrieror diluent.

The subject invention also concerns dosage forms of the compounds andcompositions of the invention. In one embodiment, compounds andcompositions are provided in orally or rectally administered dosageforms. A dosage form for oral administration comprising a capsule thatdissolves in the colon and containing an effective amount of i) areducing agent, for example, 5-ASA and/or sodium thiosulfate and/or APAand/or dihydro lipoic acid and/or pyruvate and/or an alpha-lipoic acid,and optionally ii) an NADPH-oxidase inhibitor, for example, apocynin, isspecifically contemplated in the present invention. Delayed dissolutiondosage forms include pH-dependent capsules and coatings that onlydissolve at the pH associated with the colonic environment. Examples ofpH-dependent materials include, but are not limited to, methylmethacrylate, methacrylic acid and/or ethyl acrylate polymers, includingfor example, ammonio methacrylate copolymer. Other dosage forms fordelivery of a composition of the invention to the colon include, forexample, time-dependent delivery systems, pressure-dependent deliverysystems, bacterial-dependent systems (Basit et al., 2003). Alsocontemplated are dosage forms that utilize oxidation potential-dependentsystems.

The compounds of the subject invention can also be administeredutilizing liposome technology, slow release capsules, implantable pumps,biodegradable containers and other means known in the art. Thesedelivery vehicles and methods can, advantageously, provide a uniformdosage over an extended period of time.

The subject invention also concerns containers comprising a therapeuticcomposition of the present invention. The containers can be selected forease of storage and/or administration of a composition to a person oranimal, e.g., a container can be one suitable for use in rectaladministration of a therapeutic composition. The containers can becomposed of any suitable material, including glass, plastic, etc. andcan be disposable and/or recyclable. Therapeutic compositions of thepresent invention are preferably provided as a sterile composition in asterile container. The subject invention also concerns kits comprising,in one or more containers, a therapeutic composition or compound of theinvention. In one embodiment, a kit of the invention comprises, in oneor more containers, a reducing agent, and/or an aminosalicylic acid,and/or a steroid, and/or a short chain fatty acid, and/or an emulsifyingagent, and/or an antibacterial and/or antiadherence agent, and/or aviscosity enhancing and/or lipid peroxidation inhibitor, and/or a mastcell inhibitor and/or a mast cell stabilizer, and/or an agent thatrepairs, seals, or regenerates tight junctions between cells, e.g., anepidermal growth factor (EGF). In an exemplified embodiment, the kitcomprises the compounds sodium thiosulfate, bismuth subgallate, vitaminE, and sodium cromolyn. In another embodiment, a kit comprises 5-ASA,budesonide, cromolyn sodium, and sodium butyrate. The compounds of theinvention can be provided in a kit in a single pre-mixed dosage form, orin individual dosage units that are mixed together prior toadministration, or that are administered individually. In oneembodiment, a kit of the invention comprises compounds of an enemaformulation of the invention and materials or articles for effectingadministration of an enema.

All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, andpublications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by referencein their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent theyare not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.

EXAMPLES

Following are examples which illustrate procedures for practicing theinvention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. Allpercentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are byvolume unless otherwise noted.

Example 1 Treatment of Patient During Induction Phase

It has been discovered that ulcerative colitis, like many other diseasescan be mitigated if it is recognized during the induction phase.Recognition of the induction process is difficult since there are littleor no symptoms or signs pointing to the colon as the source of theproblem and the colon is histologically and macroscopically normal.Recognition at this stage requires a high index of suspicion coupledwith some knowledge of the extra intestinal manifestations, xenobioticassociations, family and genetic history, ulcerative colitisepidemiological data and life style history.

A p-anca antibody at this time may be positive if the colonic epithelialbarrier has been rendered sufficiently permeable to allow prolongedcontact between the immune system and bacterial antigens in the colon.The p-anca antibody has been shown to be directed against a surfaceantigen of B. Vulgatus and is an indication of colonic barrier breachwith subsequent immune activation. Evidence of increased colonicepithelial turnover may be found in fecal samples since H₂O₂ can induceepithelial proliferation. If a colonoscopy should be performedadditional evidence of epithelial cell proliferation may be seen such asmelanosis coli (Pardi et al., 1998). Immunological staining of colonicbiopsies may reveal altered tight junction proteins such as cadherin andbasement membrane abnormalities. In vivo conductance studies, if thiswere possible, would show increased permeability in macroscopicallynormal colonic tissue.

In patients that are determined to be in the induction phase, measurescan be undertaken to implement lifestyle changes in order to reduce theoxidative stress on the colon. All xenobiotics and alcohol should beterminated. Smoking should be discontinued gradually rather than via acomplete cessation, i.e., the patient should avoid going “cold turkey”when trying to stop smoking. Constipation should be corrected. Fast foodshould be eliminated and a diet high in antioxidants (vegetables andfruit), fiber, and good quality protein should be instituted. Stressreduction should be instituted with counseling if necessary.

Example 2 Treatment of Patient During Propagation Phase

Currently, individuals are almost never recognized during the inductionphase and only seek medical help because of rectal bleeding when thepropagation phase has already developed. A colonic neutrophilicinflammatory reaction into the colonic mucosa cannot be reversed withthe same measures used during the induction phase, although it isprudent to institute them in order to prevent re-induction afterreversal of the inflammatory reaction has been accomplished.

Treatment of colonic inflammation during the propagation phase comprisesone or more of the following:

1. Neutralization of colonic hydrogen peroxide.

2. Reduction of neutrophilic stimulation by colonic bacteria.

3. Termination of colonic epithelial cell lipid peroxidation.

4. Reduction of colonic mucosal permeability.

Neutralization of hydrogen peroxide is critical in order to terminatecontinued tissue damage. This can be accomplished, for example, withrectal instillation of sodium thiosulfate that will neutralize hydrogenperoxide to water and non-reactive sulfate products.

The stimulatory effect of colonic bacteria, mainly anaerobicBacteroides, on neutrophils can be mitigated with bismuth subgallatewhich prevents bacterial adherence to the colonic epithelium and isbactericidal.

Termination of colonic epithelial lipid peroxidation can be achievedwith d-alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) as the acetate or the succinate.This also adds viscosity to the solution which creates a sterichindrance to prevent cytokines and radicals from interacting with theirtarget tissue.

Finally, cromolyn sodium can block colonic mast cells and decreasecolonic permeability to luminal antigens.

This therapy can be administered as a retention enema once daily.

Oral therapy with Clonidine to reduce the oxidative effects ofendogenous catecholamines secondary to stress can also be instituted.Pentoxyfylline has anti-inflammatory activity and may function as apurinergic agonist via an adenosine receptor on the surface of theinfiltrating neutrophil which can inhibit NADPH oxidase and apoptosis.This oral therapy can be continued, along with lifestyle changes, asmaintenance therapy to prevent re-initiation and relapse.

Example 3

Patient is a 44 year old female who has had ulcerative colitis since1994. It started with bleeding. She actually had bleeding and crampingabout every six months. Each episode abated spontaneously withouttherapy. They began to increase in intensity until 2003.

In October 2003 patient had a colonoscopy and for the first time, anofficial diagnosis of ulcerative colitis was made. She was started onASACOL (Medeva Pharma Schweiz AG, Switzerland) but still hadrecurrences; however, the recurrences were shorter. The recurrencesoccurred every 3-5 months. Some of the episodes were severe but did notrespond to hydrocortisone enemas. Subsequently, she had a very severeepisode that did not respond to ASACOL or the enemas. She was treatedwith prednisone and improved for a few months but then it recurred andwas more severe than ever.

Flexible sigmoidoscopy showed moderately active diseases to exactly 20cm (see FIGS. 1A-1E). Above that, the mucosa was normal and stool wasnormal. Biopsies and pictures were taken. Biopsy specimens showeddiffuse colitis with distortion of crypt architecture, mononuclear cellexpansion of the lamina propria, basal plasmacytosis and mucosalulceration, consistent with chronic ulcerative colitis, severe activity,with epithelial changes negative for dysplasia. CMV was not identified.

Following sigmoidoscopy, patient was started on a once daily enematreatment with an enema formulation of the present inventioncomprising: 1) 40 cc of Rowasa (2.6 gms) (Mesalamine) Rectal Suspension;2) 5 cc sodium cromolyn (100 mg/5 cc oral concentrate); 3) 15 cc of 1Molar sodium butyrate (15 millimoles or 1.5 gms); and 4) 1 cc sodiumbudesonide (5 mg/cc). The patient also was started on oral R-dihydrolipoic acid 300 mg given twice daily.

After completion of 7 days of treatment, patient claims to be 85%improved having noticed improvement beginning about the fourth day. Sheis having no more cramping, no mucus, and no blood. Her stools areforming. Patient will continue for another week on treatment and thenwill be examined by sigmoidoscopy.

Flexible sigmoidoscopy of patient showed an absolutely normal lookingmucus membrane (see FIGS. 2A-2C). Biopsies were taken. Biopsy specimensshowed distortion of crypt architecture and minor mononuclear cellexpansion of the lamina propria consistent with quiescent chroniculcerative colitis. Active inflammation was not identified. Theepithelial changes were negative for dysplasia.

Example 4

33 patients with distal ulcerative colitis were divided into two groups.For the first 23 patients treated, concomitant medications were allowed.A second group of 10 patients were treated for whom all ulcerativecolitis related medications were stopped prior to treatment. In allcases, the patients were failing their usual therapy prior to treatment.For a few of these patients, these treatments were the last alternativeprior to referral for colectomy.

An enema was prepared having a volume of 60 ml including 2.67 g ofmesalamine, 5 mg of budesonide, 100 mg of sodium cromolyn, and 15millimoles of sodium butyrate. The patients were instructed toadminister the enema prior to going to bed, and to retain the contentsof the enema overnight, or for at least four hours. Patients also tooktwo 150-mg capsules of R-DHLA twice daily, for a total of 600 mg ofR-DHLA daily.

Clinical evaluations including ulcerative colitis Mayo scoring andhistology occurred at baseline and after 21 and 42 days of continuoustreatment.

Group 1 (n=23) Patients with No Change in Concomitant Medication

Patients in Group 1 continued on their UC medications, which includedmesalamine, steroids, immunomodulators and biologics.

Group 1 (n=23) Demographics:

Patients 23   Male 43% Female 57% Age Mean 45.4 Min 26.0 Max 72.0Ethnicity White 95% Black  5% Duration of UC, yrs 1.5-27 Pre-TreatmentMayo Score Mean  8.6 Minimum  3.0 Maximum 12.0 Pre-Treatment UCTherapies 5-ASA (oral or rectal) 82% Steroids (oral or rectal) 41%Immunomodulators (6-MP, AZA) 18% Biologics (Remicade, Humira) 18%

The mean ulcerative colitis Mayo Score for incoming patients in Group 1was 8.6. Thus, even with treatment with conventional therapies, patientsin Group 1 exhibited moderate to severe disease.

Group 1 (n=23) Extent of Exposure:

# enemas dispensed per patient average 122 max 440 min 15 median 42total 2805

On average, patients were dispensed 122 enemas, providing approximately17 weeks of daily treatment. Many patients stayed on the therapy for anadditional period of time after the completion of six week study.

-   Group 1 (n=23) Efficacy Results—Mayo Scores:

Ulcerative colitis Mayo score results are shown in the tables below.

Week 0 3 6 n 22 22 20 Average Mayo Score 8.64 0.95 0.35 Maximum MayoScore 12 4 4 Minimum Mayo Score 3 0 0

Week 3 6 n 22 20 Patients with clinical response (Mayo score decreases≧3) 100% 100% Patients in clinical remission (Mayo score ≦2)  82%  95%

As can be seen by the data above, all of the patients had a clinicalresponse to the treatment after three weeks. Additionally, 19 out of 20patients (95%) were in clinical remission after six weeks of treatment.

Group 1 (n=23) Efficacy Results—Histology Scores:

-   The histology results are shown in the following tables:

Week 0 Week 3 Week 6 n 21 22 14 Average Histology Score 3.05 0.14 0.36Maximum Histology Score 5 1 4 Minimum Histology Score 1 0 0

Week 0 Week 3 Week 6 Histological remission (0 score on 0% 85% 92%histology): (n = 21) (n = 22) (n = 14) Complete histological remission0% 75% 92% (Mayo ≦2 and Endoscopy ≦1 and (n = 18) (n = 20) (n = 13)Histology = 0)

As can be seen by the data above, 13 out of 14 patients were inhistological remission after six weeks of treatment. Additionally, 12out of 13 patients were in were in complete histological remission aftersix weeks of treatment.

Group 2—Patients Without Concomitant Medications (10 Patients)

In this second group, prior to initiation of the study, all concomitantulcerative colitis medications were stopped.

Group 2 (n=10) Demographics:

Patients 10   Male 40% Female 60% Age Mean 45.0 Min 34.0 Max 62.0Ethnicity White 100%  Black  0% Duration of UC, yrs 0.3-23 Pre-TreatmentMayo Score Mean  7.6 Minimum  5.0 Maximum  9.0 Pre-Treatment UCTherapies 5-ASA (oral or rectal) 80% Steroids (oral or rectal) 30%Immunomodulators (6-MP, AZA)  0% Biologics (Remicade, Humira)  0%

The patients in Group 2 all had the following characteristics: abaseline Mayo score of 5-9, disease extending less than 50 cm, and anability to retain an enema.

-   Group 2 (n=10) Extent of Exposure:

# enemas dispensed per patient average 59 max 90 min 30 median 60 total594

On average, patients were dispensed 59 enemas, providing approximately 8weeks of daily treatment. Many patients stayed on the therapy for anadditional period of time after the completion of six week study.

Group 2 (n=10) Efficacy Results—Mayo Scores:

Ulcerative colitis Mayo score results are shown in the tables below.

Week 0 3 6 n 10 10 10 Average Mayo Score 7.60 0.60 0.10 Maximum MayoScore 9 3 1 Minimum Mayo Score 5 0 0

Week 3 6 n 10 10 Patients with clinical response (Mayo score decreases≧3) 100% 100% Patients in clinical remission (Mayo score ≦2)  90% 100%

As can be seen by the data above, all of the patients had a clinicalresponse to the treatment after three weeks. Additionally, all of thepatients were in clinical remission after six weeks of treatment, and 9out of 10 patients were in clinical remission after three weeks.

Group 2 (n=10) Efficacy Results—Histology Scores:

-   The histology results are shown in the following tables:

Week 0 Week 3 Week 6 n 10 10 10 Average Histology Score 2.30 0.20 0.00Maximum Histology Score 3 2 0 Minimum Histology Score 1 0 0

Week 0 Week 3 Week 6 n 10 10 10 Histological remission (0 score on 0%90% 100% histology): Complete histological remission 0% 90% 100% (Mayo≦2 and Endoscopy ≦1 and Histology = 0):

As can be seen by the data above, all of the patients were inhistological remission after six weeks of treatment, and 9 out of 10patients were in histological remission after three weeks of treatment.Additionally, all of the patients were in were in histological remissionafter six weeks of treatment, and 9 out of 10 patients were in were inhistological remission after three weeks of treatment.

Efficacy Results as a Function of Baseline Mayo Score for CombinedGroups 1 and 2

Using the following definition of mild, moderate, and severe disease,the percentage of patients in clinical remission (Mayo score ≦2),histological remission (histology score=0) and complete histologicalremission (Mayo score ≦2 and Mayo endoscopy subscore ≦1 and histologyscore=0) are compared as a function of disease severity.

At Week 3 At Week 6 % in % in At Baseline % in % in complete % in % incomplete Mayo clinical histological histological clinical histologicalhistological score n remission remission remission remission remissionremission mild 0-4 2 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% moderate 5-8 22  91% 91%  86% 100% 100% 100% severe 9-12 8  63%  75%  50%  86%  67%  80%

As shown above, 100% of mild-moderate UC patients were in completehistological remission at week 6, as were 80% of severe UC patients.Regardless of UC severity at baseline, patients responded to treatment,including 86% of severe patients in clinical remission and 80% of severepatients in complete histological remission. The data demonstrates thatthe therapy would be effective over the entire range of UC diseaseseverity.

It should be understood that the examples and embodiments describedherein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modificationsor changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in theart and are to be included within the spirit and purview of thisapplication and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, anyelements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosedherein can be combined with any and/or all other elements or limitations(individually or in any combination) or any other invention orembodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations arecontemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.

1. A method of inducing clinical remission of ulcerative colitis in amammal requiring such remission, comprising: a) rectally administeringto said mammal an enema comprising: i) from about 500 mg to about 5000mg of 5-ASA; ii) from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg of budesonide; iii)from about 10 to about 1000 mg of cromolyn sodium; and iv) from about 5mmol to about 50 mmol of sodium butyrate; and b) repeating saidadministering step a) daily until a clinical remission is observed. 2.The method of claim 1, wherein the enema is administered once daily, atabout bedtime.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the enema is retainedfor at least about 4 hours.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the amountof 5-ASA is from about 750 mg to about 3000 mg.
 5. The method of claim4, wherein the amount of 5-ASA is about 2.7 g.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein the amount of budesonide is from about 1 mg to about 5 mg. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of cromolyn sodium is about100 mg.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the amount of sodium butyrateis about 15 mmol.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the volume of theenema administered is from about 40 ml to about 80 ml.
 10. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the amount of 5-ASA is about 2.67 g; the amount ofbudesonide is about 5 mg; the amount of cromolyn sodium is about 100 mg;and the amount of sodium butyrate is about 15 mmol.
 11. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the enema is administered once daily for about three tosix weeks, and about twice weekly thereafter.
 12. The method of claim 1,wherein the mammal is a human.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein theclinical remission is associated with a Mayo Score of ≦2 after 6 weeksof treatment.
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprisingadministering to said mammal orally, at least once daily, from about 100mg to about 1,000 mg of an alpha-lipoic acid selected from the groupconsisting of racemic alpha-lipoic acid, R-lipoic acid, R-dihydro-lipoicacid and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
 15. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the amount of alpha-lipoic acid is about 600 mg.
 16. Amethod of inducing histological remission in a mammal with ulcerativecolitis comprising administering to a mammal in need of such remission:a) rectally administering to said mammal an enema comprising: i) fromabout 500 mg to about 5000 mg of 5-ASA; ii) from about 0.5 mg to about10 mg of budesonide; iii) from about 10 to about 1000 mg of cromolynsodium; and iv) from about 5 mmol to about 50 mmol of sodium butyrate;and b) repeating said administering step a) daily until a histologicalremission is observed.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the enema isadministered once daily, at about bedtime.
 18. The method of claim 16,wherein the enema is retained for at least about 4 hours.
 19. The methodof claim 18, wherein the histological remission is observed after aboutthree to six weeks.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein the mammal ishuman.
 21. A method of treating ulcerative colitis in a mammal requiringsuch treatment, comprising: a) rectally administering to said mammal anenema comprising: i) from about 500 mg to about 5000 mg of5-aminosalicylic acid; ii) from about 0.5 mg to about 10 mg ofbudesonide; iii) from about 10 to about 1000 mg of cromolyn sodium; andiv) from about 5 mmol to about 50 mmol of a short chain fatty acid; andb) allowing the contents of the enema to be retained for at least about4 hours.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein the enema is administeredat about bedtime.
 23. The method of claim 21, wherein the enema isretained for at least about 5 hours.
 24. The method of claim 21, whereinthe short chain fatty acid is selected from the group consisting offive, four, three, and two carbon fatty acids.
 25. The method of claim24 wherein the short chain fatty acid is selected from the groupconsisting of sodium butyrate, proprionate and acetate.
 26. The methodof claim 21, wherein the amount of 5-aminosalicylic acid is from about750 mg to about 3000 mg, and the amount of budesonide is from about 1 mgto about 5 mg.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein the amount ofcromolyn sodium is about 100 mg.
 28. The method of claim 21, wherein theshort chain fatty acid is sodium butyrate and the amount administeredthereof is about 15 mmol.
 29. The method of claim 21, wherein the volumeof the enema administered is from about 40 ml to about 80 ml.
 30. Themethod of claim 21, wherein the enema is administered once daily forabout three to six weeks, and about twice weekly thereafter.
 31. Amethod of decreasing an ulcerative colitis Mayo Score in a mammal inneed of such treatment, comprising: a) determining the ulcerativecolitis Mayo Score of a mammal in need of treatment; b) rectallyadministering to said mammal an enema comprising: i) from about 500 mgto about 5000 mg of 5-aminosalicylic acid; ii) from about 0.5 mg toabout 10 mg of budesonide; iii) from about 10 to about 1000 mg ofcromolyn sodium; and iv) from about 5 mmol to about 50 mmol of a shortchain fatty acid; c) allowing the contents of the enema to be retainedfor at least about 4 hours; and d) repeating said administering step b)daily until a decrease in the ulcerative colitis Mayo Score of ≧3 isobserved.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein the decrease in theulcerative colitis Mayo Score is observed after about three to sixweeks.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein the short chain fatty acid isselected from the group consisting of five, four, three, and two carbonfatty acids.
 34. The method of claim 34, wherein the short chain fattyacid is selected from the group consisting of sodium butyrate,proprionate and acetate.
 35. The method of claim 1, further comprisingorally administering L-glutamine.
 36. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid enema further comprises L-glutamine.